ABSTRACT Introduction: in Brazil, trauma is responsible for 40% of deaths in the age group between 5 and 9 years old, and 18% between 1 and 4 years, and bleeding is the leading cause of preventable death in the traumatized child. Conservative management of blunt abdominal trauma with solid organs injury - started in the 60s - is the current world trend, with studies showing survival rates above 90%. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of conservative treatment in children with blunt abdominal trauma treated at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Campinas, in the last five years. Methods: retrospective analysis of medical records of patients classified by levels of injury severity, in 27 children. Results: only one child underwent surgery for initial failure of conservative treatment (persistent hemodynamic instability), resulting in a 96% overall success rate of the conservative treatment. Five other children (22%) developed late complications that required elective surgery: a bladder injury, two cases of infected perirenal collections (secondary to injury of renal collecting system), a pancreatic pseudocyst and a splenic cyst. Resolution of the complications was attained in all children, with anatomical and functional preservation of the affected organ. There were no deaths in this series. Conclusion: the conservative initial approach in the treatment of blunt abdominal trauma was effective and safe with high resolution and low rate of complications leading to a high preservation rate of the affected organs. Level of evidence III - prognostic and therapeutic study.

RESUMO Introdução: no Brasil, o trauma é responsável por 40% dos óbitos na faixa etária entre 5 e 9 anos, e 18% entre 1 e 4 anos, e o sangramento é a principal causa de prevenção morte na criança traumatizada. O manejo conservador de trauma abdominal contuso com lesão de órgãos sólidos - iniciado na década de 60 - é a tendência mundial atual, com estudos mostrando taxas de sobrevivência acima de 90%. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança do tratamento conservador em crianças com trauma abdominal contuso tratado no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas, nos últimos cinco anos. Métodos: análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes classificados por níveis de gravidade da lesão, em 27 crianças. Resultados: apenas uma criança foi submetida a cirurgia por falha inicial do tratamento conservador (instabilidade hemodinâmica persistente), resultando em uma taxa de sucesso global de 96% do tratamento conservador inicial. Outras cinco crianças (22%) desenvolveram complicações tardias que exigiram cirurgias eletivas: lesão na bexiga, dois casos de coleção perirenal infectada (secundária à lesão de sistema de coleta renal), um pseudocisto pancreático e um cisto esplênico. Resolução da complicação foi atingida em todas as crianças, com preservação anatômica e funcional do órgão afetado. Não houve mortes nesta série. Conclusão: a abordagem inicial conservadora no tratamento de trauma abdominal contundente foi eficaz e segura com alta resolução e baixa taxa de complicações levando a uma alta taxa de preservação dos órgãos afetados. Nível de evidência III - estudo prognóstico e terapêutico.

INTRODUCTION: Dilation of urinary tract occurs without the presence of obstruction. Diagnostic methods that depend on renal function may elicit mistaken diagnosis. Whitaker (1973) proposed the evaluation of urinary tract pressure submitted to constant flow. Other investigators proposed perfusion of renal pelvis under controlled pressure, making the method more physiological and reproducible. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the results of the anterograde pressure measurement (APM) of the urinary tract of children with persistent hydronephrosis after surgery suspected to present persistent obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Along 12 years, 26 renal units with persistent hydronephrosis after surgery (12 PUJ and 14 VUJ) were submitted to evaluation of the renal tract pressure in order to decide the form of treatment. Previous radionuclide scans with DTPA, intravenous pyelographies and ultrasounds were considered undetermined in relation to obstruction in 10 occasions and obstructive in 16. APM was performed under radioscopy through renal pelvis puncture or previous stoma. Saline with methylene blue + iodine contrast was infused under constant pressure of 40 cm H2O to fill the urinary system. The ureteral opening pressure was measured following the opening of the system and stabilization of the water column. RESULTS: Among the 10 cases with undetermined previous diagnosis, APM was considered non-obstructive in two and those were treated clinically and eight were considered obstructive and were submitted to surgery. Among the 16 cases previously classified as obstructive, nine confirmed obstruction and were submitted to surgery. Seven cases were considered non-obstructive, and were treated clinically, with stable DMSA and hydronephrosis. CONCLUSIONS: APM avoided unnecessary surgery in one third of the cases and was important to treatment decision in 100%. We believe that this simple test is an excellent diagnostic tool when selectively applied mainly in the presence of functional deficit.

OBJETIVO: Com a introdução e o aprimoramento de técnicas para a realização de fístulas arteriovenosas (FAV) em crianças, pacientes renais crônicos puderam iniciar tratamento com hemodiálise sem a necessidade de uso de shunts externos. MÉTODOS: Com o objetivo avaliar os resultados da confecção de fístulas arteriovenosas em crianças e adultos jovens de baixo peso e os fatores de risco relacionados. Foram levantados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 31 pacientes submetidos a 35 FAV, com idade variando de cinco a 24 anos, com peso entre 16 e 50kg. Os fatores de risco estudados foram hipertensão arterial, antecedentes de trombose, tendência à hipovolemia e presença de hipercolesterolemia. RESULTADOS: O índice de perda observado foi de 25% em pacientes com menos de 20kg e de 22,2% naqueles com mais de 20kg, resultados comparáveis aos da literatura. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que fístulas proximais não sofreram trombose; não houve relação entre a perda da FAV e os fatores de risco estudados e observou-se um índice de perda tardia de 23,5% nos pacientes que não estavam sendo submetidos à hemodiálise. Nos pacientes que utilizavam a FAV não se observou perda da mesma.

BACKGROUND: Since the development of operative techniques for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation, chronic hemodialysis for treatment of end-stage renal disease in children and young adults became an actual therapeutic option, obviating the need for external shunts. PURPOSE: To report our experience with surgically created AVF in 31 patients, aged 5 to 24 years old, relating long-term fistula patency with risk factors such as arterial hypertension, previous thrombosis events, tendency to hypovolemy, hypercholesterolemy, vein caliber and routine use of the fistula. RESULTS: Overall rate of fistula thrombosis was 22,8%, being 25% in patients weighing less than 20kg and 22,2% in those over 20kg. All fistulas performed on proximal arm veins were patent after 5 to 32 months follow-up. Unused AV fistulas apparently had an increased risk of thrombosis when compared to fistulas routinelly used for hemodialysis access. None of the remainy risk factors studied showed estatistical association with loss of patency. CONCLUSION: AV fistulas can be safely performed in children with success rate comparable to those observed in older patients. Vein caliber and routine use of the fistula appears to have a strong influence on long term patency.